Predicting the climate impact of aviation for en-route emissions: the algorithmic climate change function submodel ACCF 1.0 of EMAC 2.53

Using climate-optimized flight trajectories is one essential measure to reduce aviation's climate impact. Detailed knowledge of temporal and spatial climate sensitivity for aviation emissions in the atmosphere is required to realize such a climate mitigation measure. The algorithmic Climate Change Functions (aCCFs) represent the basis for such purposes. This paper presents the first version of the Algorithmic Climate Change Function submodel (ACCF 1.0) within the European Centre HAMburg general circulation model (ECHAM) and Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model framework. In the ACCF 1.0, we implement a set of aCCFs (version 1.0) to estimate the average temperature response over 20 years (ATR20) resulting from aviation CO2 emissions and non-CO2 impacts, such as NOx emissions (via ozone production and methane destruction), water vapour emissions, and contrail cirrus. While the aCCF concept has been introduced in previous research, here, we publish a consistent set of aCCF formulas in terms of fuel scenario, metric, and efficacy for the first time. In particular, this paper elaborates on contrail aCCF development, which has not been published before. ACCF 1.0 uses the simulated atmospheric conditions at the emission location as input to calculate the ATR20 per unit of fuel burned, per NOx emitted, or per flown kilometre.In this research, we perform quality checks of the ACCF 1.0 outputs in two aspects. Firstly, we compare climatological values calculated by ACCF 1.0 to previous studies. The comparison confirms that in the Northern Hemisphere between 150–300 hPa altitude (flight corridor), the vertical and latitudinal structure of NOx-induced ozone and H2O effects are well represented by the ACCF model output. The NOx-induced methane effects increase towards lower altitudes and higher latitudes, which behaves differently from the existing literature. For contrail cirrus, the climatological pattern of the ACCF model output corresponds with the literature, except that contrail-cirrus aCCF generates values at low altitudes near polar regions, which is caused by the conditions set up for contrail formation. Secondly, we evaluate the reduction of NOx-induced ozone effects through trajectory optimization, employing the tagging chemistry approach (contribution approach to tag species according to their emission categories and to inherit these tags to other species during the subsequent chemical reactions). The simulation results show that climate-optimized trajectories reduce the radiative forcing contribution from aviation NOx-induced ozone compared to cost-optimized trajectories. Finally, we couple the ACCF 1.0 to the air traffic simulation submodel AirTraf version 2.0 and demonstrate the variability of the flight trajectories when the efficacy of individual effects is considered. Based on the 1 d simulation results of a subset of European flights, the total ATR20 of the climate-optimized flights is significantly lower (roughly 50 % less) than that of the cost-optimized flights, with the most considerable contribution from contrail cirrus. The CO2 contribution observed in this study is low compared with the non-CO2 effects, which requires further diagnosis.

Water Service Quality Networks against COVID-19

Within the framework of Sustainable Development, Social Work has established areas and fields of intervention around which social services have been developed, mainly those related to water care with respect to quality of life and subjective well-being, determinants of evaluation of public policies, environmental programs and attention strategies for migrant communities [4]. In this scheme, Environmental Social Work acts as a mediator of supply policies and civil demands considering the limitations of space, time and infrastructure, but the generality of its dimensions, categories and variables inhibit the analysis of the subjectivity inherent in the objective indicators. of sustainability. [...]it is necessary to delve into the psychological, cognitive and behavioral dimension, in order to be able to establish the needs, expectations, demands and individual or community capacities in the face of environmental crises and the shortage of water resources [5]. From This Nomenclature, It Is Possible To Notice That Sustainable Development Is A Central Issue Or Node That Involves Climate Change, Global Warming, The Greenhouse Effect And Carbon Emissions As Environmental Factors That Have A Direct Impact On The Quality Of The Environment. Air And Respiratory Health In Economically Developed Cities And Economies, But In Addition To Air Pollution, Water And Municipal Waste Problems Are Central Issues In The Economic And Urban Periphery Because The Natural Resources Of The Southern Hemisphere They Are Transformed Into Satisfiers For The Northern Hemisphere, As Is The Case Of Crude Oil And Its Derivatives [5].

Methane emissions are predominantly responsible for record-breaking atmospheric methane growth rates in 2020 and 2021

The global atmospheric methane growth rates reported by NOAA for 2020 and 2021 are the largest since systematic measurements began in 1983. To explore the underlying reasons for these anomalous growth rates, we use newly available methane data from the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) to estimate methane surface emissions. Relative to baseline values in 2019, we find that a significant global increase in methane emissions of 27.0 ± 11.3 and 20.8 ± 11.4 Tg is needed to reproduce observed atmospheric methane in 2020 and 2021, respectively, assuming fixed climatological values for OH. We see the largest annual increases in methane emissions during 2020 over Eastern Africa (14 ± 3 Tg), tropical Asia (3 ± 4 Tg), tropical South America (5 ± 4 Tg), and temperate Eurasia (3 ± 3 Tg), and the largest reductions are observed over China (-6 ± 3 Tg) and India (-2 ± 3 Tg). We find comparable emission changes in 2021, relative to 2019, except for tropical and temperate South America where emissions increased by 9 ± 4 and 4 ± 3 Tg, respectively, and for temperate North America where emissions increased by 5 ± 2 Tg. The elevated contributions we saw in 2020 over the western half of Africa (-5 ± 3 Tg) are substantially reduced in 2021, compared to our 2019 baseline. We find statistically significant positive correlations between anomalies of tropical methane emissions and groundwater, consistent with recent studies that have highlighted a growing role for microbial sources over the tropics. Emission reductions over India and China are expected in 2020 due to the Covid-19 lockdown but continued in 2021, which we do not currently understand. To investigate the role of reduced OH concentrations during the Covid-19 lockdown in 2020 on the elevated atmospheric methane growth in 2020–2021, we extended our inversion state vector to include monthly scaling factors for OH concentrations over six latitude bands. During 2020, we find that tropospheric OH is reduced by 1.4 ± 1.7 % relative to the corresponding 2019 baseline value. The corresponding revised global growth of a posteriori methane emissions in 2020 decreased by 34 % to 17.9 ± 13.2 Tg, relative to the a posteriori value that we inferred using fixed climatological OH values, consistent with sensitivity tests using the OH climatology inversion using reduced values for OH. The counter statement is that 66 % of the global increase in atmospheric methane during 2020 was due to increased emissions, particularly from tropical regions. Regional flux differences between the joint methane–OH inversion and the OH climatology inversion in 2020 are typically much smaller than 10 %. We find that OH is reduced by a much smaller amount during 2021 than in 2020, representing about 10 % of the growth of atmospheric methane in that year. Therefore, we conclude that most of the observed increase in atmospheric methane during 2020 and 2021 is due to increased emissions, with a significant contribution from reduced levels of OH.

Hemispheric-wide climate response to regional COVID-19-related aerosol emission reductions: the prominent role of atmospheric circulation adjustments

The national and global restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic led to a sudden, albeit temporary, emission reduction of many greenhouse gases (GHGs) and anthropogenic aerosols, whose near-term climate impact were previously found to be negligible when focusing on global- and/or annual-mean scales. Our study aims to investigate the monthly scale coupled climate-and-circulation response to regional, COVID-19-related aerosol emission reductions, using the output from 10 Earth system models participating in the Covid model intercomparison project (CovidMIP). We focus on January–February and March–May 2020, which represent the seasons of largest emission changes in sulfate (SO2) and black carbon (BC). During January–February (JF), a marked decrease in aerosol emissions over eastern China, the main emission region, resulted in a lower aerosol burden, leading to an increase in surface downwelling radiation and ensuing surface warming. Regional sea-level pressure and circulation adjustments drive a precipitation increase over the Maritime Continent, embedded in a negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)- and/or El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like response over the Pacific, in turn associated with a northwestward displacement and zonal shrinking of the Indo-Pacific Walker cell. Remote climate anomalies across the Northern Hemisphere, including a weakening of the Siberian High and Aleutian Low, as well as anomalous temperature patterns in the northern mid-latitudes, arise primarily as a result of stationary Rossby wave trains generated over East Asia. The anomalous climate pattern and driving dynamical mechanism reverse polarity between JF and MAM (March–May) 2020, which is shown to be consistent with an underlying shift of the dominant region of SO2 emission reduction from eastern China in JF to India in MAM. Our findings highlight the prominent role of large-scale dynamical adjustments in generating a hemispheric-wide aerosol climate imprint even on short timescales, which are largely consistent with longer-term (decadal) trends. Furthermore, our analysis shows the sensitivity of the climate response to the geographical location of the aerosol emission region, even after relatively small, but abrupt, emission changes. Scientific advances in understanding the climate impact of regional aerosol perturbations, especially the rapidly evolving emissions over China and India, are critically needed to reduce current uncertainties in near-future climate projections and to develop scientifically informed hazard mitigation and adaptation policies.

Pneumococcal Colonization Among Children 5 years of Age and Younger During SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

Background. Children <=5 years of age have the highest rates of pneumococcal colonization and play an important role in the spread of pneumococcus. Our objective was to determine whether the public health measures (physical distancing, masking, and shelter-in-place orders) implemented to slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had an impact on pneumococcal colonization rates among children aged <=5 years with and without respiratory symptoms during the first year of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (4/1/20 to 3/31/21). Methods. This is a single center retrospective cohort study. The study period was divided in 3 four-month periods to represent the initial period of strict adherence to public health measures (period 1: Apr-Jul), relaxation of some of these measures (period 2: Aug-Nov) and Northern hemisphere winter season (period 3: Dec-Mar). We used salvaged mid-turbinate samples obtained as part of routine care from patients without respiratory symptoms but screened for SARS-CoV-2 prior to surgery or aerosol generating procedures (asymptomatic) or from patients with respiratory symptoms tested for SARS-CoV-2 and/or other respiratory viruses (symptomatic). Samples were evaluated for pneumococcal colonization by real-time PCR using CDC lytA primers. Sample size was calculated based on the assumption of lower colonization rates in period 1 and gradual increase (10-15%) in the following study periods. Results. A total of 311 patients were included (185 asymptomatic and 126 symptomatic). Demographics, SARS-CoV-2 PCR and pneumococcal colonization results are shown in Table 1. Pneumococcal colonization rates for asymptomatic and symptomatic children were 14% and 22% (p=0.06), respectively. The odds of colonization of asymptomatic children were similar during period 2 (OR 0.96 [95%CI 0.34-2.67]) and period 3 (OR 0.53 [95%CI 0.17-1.62]), using period 1 as reference and after adjusting for age, sex, and SARS-COV-2 results. The odds of colonization of symptomatic children were also similar across the 3 study periods (period 2 OR 1.28 [95%CI 0.41-4.01] and period 3 OR 0.73 [95% CI 0.24-2.18]). Table 1. Characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic groups Conclusion. Pneumococcal colonization rates were not significantly impacted by public health measures implemented during the first year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and did not correlate with SARS-CoV-2 positivity.

Increase in kawasaki disease incidence observed in 30-year population-based study in scandinavia

Background and Aim: World-wide, Kawasaki disease (KD) is known to affect predominantly children under the age of 5, mostly boys. An increasing incidence has been reported from select countries, as well as seasonal differences, although with great variation among reports. Sweden has unique population-based health registers which can be linked to population registers via a personal number. In this study we therefore utilized population-based data over a period of more than 30 years to investigate demographics and epi-demiology of Kawasaki disease in a Scandinavian country. Method(s): Individuals receiving a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease in Sweden from 1987-2018 (before the occurrence of MIS-C) were identified by ICD9 and ICD10 discharge diagnoses in the Patient register at the National Board of Health and Welfare, and basic demographic information obtained by cross-linking with popula-tion registers at Statistics Sweden. Age-stratified population statis-tics were also retrieved during the corresponding time-period. Result(s): A total of 1,785 individuals with a KD diagnosis during the study period were identified, confirming a relatively low incidence in the Scandinavian population. Less than 5% of the cases were born in another country. The majority of cases (78%) occurred before 5 years of age, and there was a male dominance (61%). Sweden has a temperate climate of the northern hemisphere, and analysis of case distribution over the yearly cycle revealed peak incidence during the winter months. Notably, the incidence rose from around 6/100,000 lt;5-year-olds to 15/100,000 lt;5-year-olds during the 30-year study period. Two years with prominently higher incidence than prior and following years were observed. A large part of the rise in incidence seems to be associated with immigration and occurred before the occurrence of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children related to SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion(s): Demographic parameters for Kawasaki disease in Sweden regarding age and sex distribution are similar to previous reports from other countries. Our data from a 30-year study period of population-based observations confirm peak incidence during the cold period, and a rising incidence during recent years, even before the occurrence of MIS-C. Our data also indicate outbursts during two years and immigration-associated patterns in rise in incidence.

Primary health care nurse use of telehealth for women's sexual and reproductive health services: a scoping review

Background: Primary health care nurses (PHCNs) deliver women's sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services, and telehealth services are within their scope of practice. Despite the WHO resolution about eHealth in 2005 and increased use of telehealth during COVID-19, the extent to which PHC nurses have used telehealth technology to deliver SRH care in the international literature is not clear. Aim/Objectives: To explore how telehealth is used by PHCNs in the delivery of women's SRH care. Method(s): A scoping review of peer-reviewed primary research papers was undertaken following a Joanna Briggs Institute approach. Seven databases were searched including papers from 2005-December 2021 and published in English language. A grey literature search was used to identify current national or international policy or strategy documents about nurse roles in telehealth. Extracted data were then entered in NVivo and conceptual categories were mapped from descriptive summaries. Finding(s): Our database search yielded 745 papers and of these, eight papers met our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The search of grey literature yielded 21 documents that met our inclusion criteria. Papers were largely from the United Kingdom (n=5), part of interventional trials (n=5) or used synchronous telehealth methods (n=5). Papers about patient perspectives described acceptability of SRH telehealth services (n=4). Grey literature revealed policy support for telehealth implementation as an approach to improving patient-centred care, were largely from the northern hemisphere (n=15) or outlined case studies of nurse use of telehealth (n=11). From all included documents, SRH care most commonly addressed pregnancy (n=6), cervical cancer screening (n=4), sexual health (n=3), and abortion (n=2). Implications: Evidence about the use of telehealth by PHCNs for SRH care is lacking. Opportunities exist to address women's health policy and service gaps, and better describe and optimise PHCN involvement in telehealth care.

Lessons learned from 2 years of influenza vaccinations in the UK and USA during the COVID-19 pandemic as respiratory viruses return.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, immunization programs for other respiratory infections, notably influenza continued worldwide but attracted less public or political attention than COVID-19 vaccinations. Due to non-pharmaceutical intervention measures the global influenza burden decreased substantially; but with lifting of restrictions a rebound in other respiratory virus pathogens is both plausible and likely. This article discusses lessons identified from the UK and USA, and provides recommendations for future influenza vaccination programs in light of emerging data from the southern hemisphere and the need for harmonization with COVID-19 vaccination, focusing on operational delivery and messaging to practitioners and the public.

Beyond the lockdowns: satellite observations of aerosol optical depth through 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic

Anticipated future reductions in aerosol emissions are expected to accelerate warming and substantially change precipitation characteristics. Therefore, it is vital to identify the existing patterns and possible future pathways of anthropogenic aerosol reductions. The COVID-19 pandemic prompted abrupt, global declines in transportation and industrial activities, providing opportunities to study the aerosol effects of pandemic-driven emissions changes. Here, measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from two satellite instruments were used to characterize aerosol burdens throughout 2020 in four Northern Hemisphere source regions (Eastern & Central China, the United States, India, and Europe). In most regions, record-low measures of AOD persisted beyond the earliest ‘lockdown’ periods of the pandemic. Record-low values were most concentrated during the boreal spring and summer months, when 56% to 72% of sampled months showed record-low AOD values for their respective regions. However, in India and Eastern & Central China, the COVID-19 AOD signature was eclipsed by sources of natural variability (dust) and a multi-year trend, respectively. In the United States and Europe, a likely COVID-19 signal peaks in the summer of 2020, contributing as much as −.01 to −.03 AOD units to observed anomalies.

Effect of environmental factors on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in northern hemisphere countries: a 2-year data analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic that emerged in December 2019 brought human life to a standstill. With over 2-year since the pandemic originated from Wuhan, SARS-CoV-2 has caused more than 6 million deaths worldwide. With the emergence of mutant strains and COVID-19 surge waves, it becomes critically important to conduct epidemiological studies that allow us to understand the role of various environmental factors on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Our earlier study reported a strong negative correlation between temperature and COVID-19 incidence. This research is an extension of our previous study with an attempt to understand the global analysis of COVID-19 in northern hemisphere countries. STUDY DESIGN: This research aims at achieving a better understanding of the correlation of environmental factors such as temperature, sunlight, and humidity with new cases of COVID-19 in northern hemisphere from March 2020 to February 2022. METHODS: To understand the relationship between the different environmental variants and COVID-19, a statistical approach was employed using Pearson, Spearman and Kendall analysis. RESULTS: Month-wise univariate analysis indicated a strong negative correlation of temperature and sunlight with SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, whereas inconsistencies were observed in correlation analysis in the case of humidity in winter months. Moreover, a strong negative correlation between average temperature of winter months and COVID-19 cases exists as evidenced by Pearson, Spearman, and Kendall analyses. In addition, correlation pattern between monthly temperature and COVID-19 cases of a country mimics to that of sunlight of a country. CONCLUSION: This pilot study proposes that low temperatures and low sunlight might be additional risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, mostly in northern hemisphere countries.

Deep Learning for Predicting Winter Temperature in North China

It is difficult to improve the seasonal prediction skill of winter temperature over North China, owing to the complex dynamics of East Asian winter and the relatively low prediction skill level of current climate models. Deep learning (DL) may be an informative and promising tool to enhance seasonal prediction, particularly in regions where the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Here, using a DL model based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), we have found that the prediction skill for North China winter temperature (NCWT) can be extended up to five months by considering the remote impact of the Northeast Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) on North China. Based on historical simulations of winter temperatures in North China, we selected six CMIP5 models with relatively small deviations for training the CNN, and the period chosen for training was 1852–1991. The N1 -https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/PFT/1/Ruo5N?_a=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%3D%3D&_s=2fC0CTd0WocPaF%2FXuQegxUXRgWY%3D ERA5 data during 1995–2017 were utilized to evaluate the performance of the CNN. Our CNN shows the best performance in a recent 10-year period (2008–2017), showing a significantly improved level of NCWT prediction skill with a correlation skill of 0.65 at a 5-month lead time, which is much better than the forecast skill of the state-of-the-art dynamic seasonal prediction system. Heat map analysis was used to explore the possible physical mechanisms associated with the NCWT anomaly from the perspective of the CNN;the results showed that the SST over the Northeast Pacific is highly relevant to NCWT prediction. The Northeast Pacific warming in the boreal summer is related to the development of the El Niño event in the coming winter, which may induce NCWT anomalies by atmospheric teleconnection. Climate model experiments support the role of Northeast Pacific warming in the boreal summer on NCWT. The improved capability for prediction from using the CNN may help to establish the energy policy for the coming winter and reduce the economic losses from extremely cold in North China.

Significant Loss of Ecosystem Services by Environmental Changes in the Mediterranean Coastal Area

Mediterranean coastal areas are among the most threated forest ecosystems in the northern hemisphere due to concurrent biotic and abiotic stresses. These may affect plants functionality and, consequently, their capacity to provide ecosystem services. In this study, we integrated ground-level and satellite-level measurements to estimate the capacity of a 46.3 km2 Estate to sequestrate air pollutants from the atmosphere, transported to the study site from the city of Rome. By means of a multi-layer canopy model, we also evaluated forest capacity to provide regulatory ecosystem services. Due to a significant loss in forest cover, estimated by satellite data as −6.8% between 2014 and 2020, we found that the carbon sink capacity decreased by 34% during the considered period. Furthermore, pollutant deposition on tree crowns has reduced by 39%, 46% and 35% for PM, NO2 and O3, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of developing an integrated approach combining ground measurements, modelling and satellite data to link air quality and plant functionality as key elements to improve the effectiveness of estimate of ecosystem services.

Global and Regional Variations and Main Drivers of Aerosol Loadings over Land during 1980–2018

Aerosol particles originated from anthropogenic emissions, volcanic eruptions, biomass burning, and fossil combustion emissions, and their radiative effect is one of the most uncertain factors in climate change. Meanwhile, aerosol particles in fine particle size could also cause irreversible effects on the human respiratory system. This study attempted to analyse the spatial and temporal variations of global aerosol optical depth (AOD, 550 nm) during 1980–2018 using MERRA-2 aerosol reanalysis products and to investigate the effects of natural/anthropogenic emissions of different types of aerosols on AOD values. The results show that the global annual mean AOD values kept high levels with significant fluctuations during 1980–1995 and showed a consistent decreasing and less volatile trend after 1995. Spatially, the AOD values are relatively higher in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere, especially in North Africa (0.329), Northern India (0.235), and Eastern China (0.347), because of the intensive natural/anthropogenic aerosol emissions there. The sulphate-based aerosols emitted by biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions are the main types of aerosols worldwide, especially in densely populated and industrialized regions such as East Asia and Europe. Dust aerosols are also the main aerosol type in desert areas. For example, the AOD and AODP values for the Sahara Desert are 0.3178 and 75.32%, respectively. Both black carbon aerosols (BC) and organic carbon aerosols (OC) are primary or secondary from carbon emissions of fossil fuels, biomass burning, and open burning. Thus, the regions with high BC and OC aerosol loadings are mainly located in densely populated or vegetated areas such as East Asia, South Asia, and Central Africa. Sea salt aerosols are mainly found in coastline areas along the warm current pathway. This study could help relevant researchers in the fields of atmospheric science, environmental protection, air pollution, and ecological environment to understand the global spatial–temporal variations and main driving factors of aerosol loadings.

Seasonal influenza vaccine behavior and COVID-19 vaccine uptake among healthcare workers

Introduction: We aim to explore the association between seasonal influenza vaccine behavior (from 2018 Southern Hemisphere to 2020/2021 Northern Hemisphere influenza seasons) and COVID-19 vaccine uptake among healthcare workers. Material and Methods: This study used electronic vaccination records of staff who have worked in a tertiary hospital for at least 3 years. Multivariable logistic regression was used to predict early adopters of COVID-19 vaccine (receive the vaccine within the first month of vaccine roll-out). We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for the probability of COVID-19 vaccine uptake at 260 days (from 30 Dec 2020 to 15 Sept 2021). Results: Of the 6121 staff, 81% were females, 39% were nurses, 84% had at least three past influenza vaccines and 12% had one to two past influenza vaccines. The COVID-19 vaccine uptake was 96%. Staff who had >=3 influenza vaccines (OR 3.3, 95%CI 2.6-4.1) and staff who had 1-2 influenza vaccines (OR 1.4, 95%CI 1.1-1.9), had higher odds of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the first month of vaccine roll-out compared to those who did not receive any, after adjustment for age, gender, years working in hospital and healthcare groups. At 260 days, HRs for COVID-19 vaccine uptake among staff who received >=3 past doses of influenza vaccines and staff who received 1-2 doses of influenza vaccines, compared to those without, were 2.0 (95%CI 1.7-2.3) and 1.3 (95%CI 1.1-1.5) respectively. Conclusion: Seasonal influenza vaccine uptake is a strong predictor of COVID-19 vaccine adoption and should be promoted even when there is no epidemic.

Global to local impacts on atmospheric CO2from the COVID-19 lockdown, biosphere and weather variabilities

The worldwide lockdown in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in year 2020 led to an economic slowdown and a large reduction in fossil fuel CO2 emissions (Le Quéré 2020 Nat. Clim. Change 10 647-53, Liu 2020 Nat. Commun. 11);however, it is unclear how much it would slow the increasing trend of atmospheric CO2 concentration, the main driver of climate change, and whether this impact can be observed considering the large biosphere and weather variabilities. We used a state-of-the-art atmospheric transport model to simulate CO2, and the model was driven by a new daily fossil fuel emissions dataset and hourly biospheric fluxes from a carbon cycle model forced with observed climate variability. Our results show a 0.21 ppm decrease in the atmospheric column CO2 anomaly in the Northern Hemisphere latitude band 0-45 N in March 2020, and an average of 0.14 ppm for the period of February-April 2020, which is the largest decrease in the last 10 years. A similar decrease was observed by the carbon observing satellite GOSAT (Yokota et al 2009 Sola 5 160-3). Using model sensitivity experiments, we further found that the COVID and weather variability are the major contributors to this CO2 drawdown, and the biosphere showed a small positive anomaly. Measurements at marine boundary layer stations, such as Hawaii, exhibit 1-2 ppm anomalies, mostly due to weather and the biosphere. At the city scale, the on-road CO2 enhancement measured in Beijing shows a reduction by 20-30 ppm, which is consistent with the drastically reduced traffic during the COVID lockdown. A stepwise drop of 20 ppm during the city-wide lockdown was observed in the city of Chengdu. The ability of our current carbon monitoring systems in detecting the small and short-lasting COVID signals at different policy relevant scales (country and city) against the background of fossil fuel CO2 accumulated over the last two centuries is encouraging. The COVID-19 pandemic is an unintended experiment. Its impact suggests that to keep atmospheric CO2 at a climate-safe level will require sustained effort of similar magnitude and improved accuracy, as well as expanded spatiotemporal coverage of our monitoring systems. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.